100 Topic Sustainable Environmental

In Your Home – Conserve Energy Clean or replace air filters on your air conditioning unit at least once a month. If you have central air conditioning, do not close vents in unused rooms. Lower the thermostat on your water heater to 120. Wrap your water heater in an insulated blanket. Turn down or shut off your water heater when you will be away for extended periods. Turn off unneeded lights even when leaving a room for a short time. Set your refrigerator temperature at 36 to 38 and your freezer at 0 to 5 . When using an oven, minimize door opening while it is in use; it reduces oven temperature by 25 to 30 every time you open the door. Clean the lint filter in your dryer after every load so that it uses less energy. Unplug seldom used appliances. Use a microwave when- ever you can instead of a conventional oven or stove. Wash clothes with warm or cold water instead of hot. Reverse your indoor ceiling fans for summer and winter operations as recommended. Turn off lights, computers and other appliances when not in use. Purchase appliances and office equipment with the Energy Star Label; old refridgerators, for example, use up to 50 more electricity than newer models. Only use electric appliances when you need them. Use compact fluorescent light bulbs to save money and energy. Keep your thermostat at 68 in winter and 78 in summer. Keep your thermostat higher in summer and lower in winter when you are away Insulate your home as best as you can. Install weather stripping around all doors and windows. Shut off electrical equipment in the evening when you leave work. Plant trees to shade your home. Shade outside air conditioning units by trees or other means. Replace old windows with energy efficient ones. Use cold water instead of warm or hot water when possible. Connect your outdoor lights to a timer. Buy green electricity - electricity produced by low - or even zero-pollution facilities (NC Greenpower for North Carolina - www.ncgreenpower.org). In your home-reduce toxicity.

In Your Home – Reduce Toxicity Eliminate mercury from your home by purchasing items without mercury, and dispose of items containing mercury at an appropriate drop-off facility when necessary (e.g. old thermometers). Learn about alternatives to household cleaning items that do not use hazardous chemicals. Buy the right amount of paint for the job. Review labels of household cleaners you use. Consider alternatives like baking soda, scouring pads, water or a little more elbow grease. When no good alternatives exist to a toxic item, find the least amount required for an effective, sanitary result. If you have an older home, have paint in your home tested for lead. If you have lead-based paint, cover it with wall paper or other material instead of sanding it or burning it off. Use traps instead of rat and mouse poisons and insect killers. Have your home tested for radon. Use cedar chips or aromatic herbs instead of mothballs. In Your Yard Avoid using leaf blowers and other dust-producing equipment. Use an electric lawn- mower instead of a gas-powered one. Leave grass clippings on the yard-they decompose and return nutrients to the soil. Use recycled wood chips as mulch to keep weeds down, retain moisture and prevent erosion. Use only the required amount of fertilizer. Minimize pesticide use. Create a wildlife habitat in your yard. Water grass early in the morning. Rent or borrow items like ladders, chain saws, party decorations and others that are seldom used. Take actions that use non hazardous components (e.g., to ward off pests, plant marigolds in a garden instead of using pesticide). Put leaves in a compost heap instead of burning them or throwing them away. Yard debris too large for your compost bin should be taken to a yard-debris recycler.

In Your Office Copy and print on both sides of paper. Reuse items like envelopes, folders and paper clips. Use mailer sheets for interoffice mail instead of an envelope.Use mailer sheets for interoffice mail instead of an envelope. Set up a bulletin board for memos instead of sending a copy to each employee. Use e-mail instead of paper correspondence. Use recycled paper. Use discarded paper for scrap paper. Encourage your school and/or company to print documents with soy-based inks, which are less toxic. Use a ceramic coffee mug instead of a disposable cup. Ways To Protect Our Air Ask your employer to consider flexible work schedules or telecommuting. Recycle printer cartridges. Shut off electrical equipment in the evening when you leave work. Report smoking vehicles to your local air agency. Don't use your wood stove or fireplace when air quality is poor. Avoid slow-burning, smoldering fires. They produce the largest amount of pollution. Burn seasoned wood - it burns cleaner than green wood. Use solar power for home and water heating. Use low-VOC or water-based paints, stains, finishes and paint strippers. Purchase radial tires and keep them properly inflated for your vehicle. Paint with brushes or rollers instead of using spray paints to minimize harmful emissions. Ignite charcoal barbecues with an electric probe or other alternative to lighter fluid. If you use a wood stove, use one sold after 1990. They are required to meet federal emissions standards and are more efficient and cleaner burning. Walk or ride your bike instead of driving, whenever possible. Join a carpool or vanpool to get to work.

Ways to Use Less Water Check and fix any water leaks. Install water-saving devices on your faucets and toilets. Don't wash dishes with the water running continuously. Wash and dry only full loads of laundry and dishes. Follow your community's water use restrictions or guidelines. Install a low-flow shower head. Replace old toilets with new ones that use a lot less water. Turn off washing machine's water supply to prevent leaks. Ways to Protect Our Water Revegetate or mulch disturbed soil as soon as possible. Never dump anything down a storm drain. Have your septic tank pumped and system inspected regularly. Check your car for oil or other leaks, and recycle motor oil. Take your car to a car wash instead of washing it in the driveway. Learn about your watershed. Create Less Trash Buy items in bulk from loose bins when possible to reduce the packaging wasted. Avoid products with several layers of packaging when only one is sufficient. About 33 of what we throw away is packaging. Buy products that you can reuse. Maintain and repair durable products instead of buying new ones. Check reports for products that are easily repaired and have low breakdown rates. Reuse items like bags and containers when possible. Use cloth napkins instead of paper ones. Use reusable plates and utensils instead of disposable ones. Use reusable containers to store food instead of aluminum foil and cling wrap. Shop with a canvas bag instead of using paper and plastic bags. Buy rechargeable batteries for devices used frequently. Reuse packaging cartons and shipping materials. Old newspapers make great packaging material. Compost your vegetable scraps. Buy used furniture - there is a surplus of it, and it is much cheaper than new furniture.

Sanitation is vital for health

Readers of a prestigious medical journal were recently asked to name the greatest medical advance in the last century and a half. The result: better sanitation. In nineteenth-century Europe and North America, diarrhoea, cholera, and typhoid spread through poor sanitation was the leading cause of childhood illness and death; today, such deaths are rare in these regions. In developing countries, however, they are all too common, and recent research suggests that poor sanitation and hygiene are either the chief or the underlying cause in over half of the annual 10 million child deaths. Compelling, evidence-based analysis shows that hygiene and sanitation are among the most cost-effective public health interventions to reduce childhood mortality. Access to a toilet alone can reduce child diarrhoeal deaths by over 30 percent, and hand-washing by more than 40 percent.

Diarrhoeal diseases

Five thousand children die every day due to infectious diarrhoea, which is caused primarily by inadequate sanitation. Seventeen percent of under-five deaths are attributable to diarrhoeal diseases, making it the second largest killer of children, after pneumonia. Diarrhoea is also a major contributor to malnutrition and stunting.

Diarrhoeal diseases are often described as water-related, but more accurately should be known as excreta-related since the pathogens derive from faecal matter. The faecal-oral cycle« describes the principal routes of transmission of infectious diarrhoeal disease. This cycle is fuelled by the ive f’s fluid (drinking contaminated water); fields (the contamination of soil and crops with human faecal matter); fingers (unwashed hands preparing food or going into the mouth); food (eating contaminated food); and flies (spreading disease from faeces to food and water or directly to people – particularly problematic where open-air defecation is the norm).

Breaking the faecal-oral cycle, which depends primarily upon hand-washing and use of toilets or latrines that contain and sanitise faecal matter, saves children’s lives. In Salvador, Brazil, a recent city-wide sanitation drive has raised sanitation coverage rates from 26 percent to 80 percent.

A study on diarrhoeal morbidity in children under three was conducted in high and low-risk areas of the city. The overall prevalence of diarrhoea fell by 22 percent, but in the poorer areas where sanitation coverage was lowest to start with, prevalence fell by 43 percent.

source : http://esa.un.org